Methods:
Study Site
The experimental forest used in this project is located at the University of Michigan Biological Station (UMBS) in Pellston, MI (45° 35’ N 84° 43’ W). This 100 year-old forest is comprised of early successional species in the upper canopy--birch (Betula spp.) and aspen (Populus spp.)--with later successional species--northern red oak (Quercus rubra), red maple (Acer rubrum), sugar maple (A. saccharum), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), white pine (Pinus strobus) and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), red pine (Pinus resinosa), striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), and balsam fir (Abies balsamea)--in the subcanopy (Gough et al. 2007).
In 2019, when the FoRTE was initiated, approximately 3,600 trees with a DBH >8 cm in four replicates were stem girdled to simulate a phloem-disrupting disturbance. Within each replicate there are four plots representing 0%, 45%, 65%, and 85% disturbance severity. Each plot is further subdivided into two treatment types: top-down and bottom-up, in which the trees with the highest LAI were stem-girdled (top-down) or where trees with the lowest LAI were girdled first (bottom-up). In sum, there are 32 sub-plots representing both top-down and bottom-up treatment types at each of the disturbance severities repeated four times.
Data Collection
Net Primary Production: Building on methods from previous work in this experiment (Grigri et al. 2020), net primary production will be measured by collecting diameter at breast height (DBH) measurements of 25% of the trees in each subplot—once at the beginning of the field season (June) and once at the end (August) as well as a third, dormant season measurement in November. Stems ≥8 cm have been fitted with dendrometer bands, and the measurements will continue to be collected using the existing bands. For trees < 8 cm in 2 x 2 meter nested subplots in the subcanopy, calipers will be used to collect tree diameter data.
Allometric equations that are both site and species specific will be used to calculate changes in biomass in the plots, and NPP will be calculated based on biomass accumulation (Gough et al. 2008).
Biomass and Diversity: Structural legacy indices will be recorded at the start of the growing season to represent post-disturbance levels of legacy persistence. Biomass will be calculated using the DBH measurements and species and site specific allometric equations described above. Likewise, diversity will be calculated using Shannon’s index.
Canopy Rugosity: Rugosity measurements will be collected using a ground-based portable canopy LiDAR system (PCL). The system will be mounted on a frame and worn while walking transects through the center of each of the subplots (Gough et al. in press). Estimates of canopy structure using this raw data, binned vertically and horizontally into 1-m2 grids, will be analyzed using the forestr package in R (Atkins et al. 2018). For in depth mathematical derivations of rugosity, we refer readers to Atkins et al. 2018.