Methods:
In summer 2022, MSc student Dana Martin along with a Concordia undergraduate student will conduct a manipulative experiment aiming to assess how the intensity and timing of herbivory affect floral traits and pollinator visitation rates. They will use potted milkweed plants as study system. Plants will be located in the field and transplanted into pots and set up in blocks of 6 treatments in the field in mid-June. Treatments will include low and high levels of induced herbivory, as well as early (mid-June) and late (early July) onset of induced herbivory. All experimental plants will be covered with a net (excluding flowers) to prevent natural herbivory. One control plant will be covered with a net and the other control plant won't have a net. Blooming in Milkweed is expected to occur in mid-July. From this point, students will implement a standardized pollinator monitoring survey to quantify the frequency and duration of visit, as well as perform taxonomic identification. Floral traits including size, length of corolla (nectar tube), nectar volume and concentration will be measured weekly on inflorescences.