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Climate change and the indirect effects of insect herbivory on pollinator communities

Project Abstract: 
Ongoing climate changes interfere with the physiology, behaviour and life cycles of plants and animals. As a result, plant and animals interact in new ways, which is expected to affect the functioning of ecosystems. In this project, we aim to understand how changes in the timing and intensity of early season herbivory, which is expected under climate change, might scale up to affect pollinator communities. Insect herbivores can change plant chemistry in multiple ways, some of which can affect the quality of nectar and floral display, and indirectly, pollinator behaviour. Herbivores have direct negative effects on plant fitness by feeding on reproductive parts, but also have indirect negative effects by feeding on non-reproductive parts such as leaves. In particular, leaf herbivory decreases available photosynthetic area, carbohydrate reserves and stored nutrients as well as increases secondary metabolite production which may affect the quality and quantity of nectar. Additionally, leaf herbivory may reduce floral traits such as flower size, flower number, and cause delayed flowering. Climate changes are causing insect herbivores to emerge earlier, which could change the onset timing and intensity of herbivory, thereby affecting the magnitude of effects on nectar and pollinators. Whether plants are injured in early, middle or late season can influence their growth, yield or fitness. The timing of herbivory could also mediate the magnitude of change in nectar quality induced by herbivory, but this remains unexplored.
Years Active: 
2022 to 2023
Research sites: 
Methods: 
In summer 2022, MSc student Dana Martin along with a Concordia undergraduate student will conduct a manipulative experiment aiming to assess how the intensity and timing of herbivory affect floral traits and pollinator visitation rates. They will use potted milkweed plants as study system. Plants will be located in the field and transplanted into pots and set up in blocks of 6 treatments in the field in mid-June. Treatments will include low and high levels of induced herbivory, as well as early (mid-June) and late (early July) onset of induced herbivory. All experimental plants will be covered with a net (excluding flowers) to prevent natural herbivory. One control plant will be covered with a net and the other control plant won't have a net. Blooming in Milkweed is expected to occur in mid-July. From this point, students will implement a standardized pollinator monitoring survey to quantify the frequency and duration of visit, as well as perform taxonomic identification. Floral traits including size, length of corolla (nectar tube), nectar volume and concentration will be measured weekly on inflorescences.
Funding agency: 
NSERC